This attitude, known as ethnocentrism, can be seen within cultures as well as between cultures. … These “biases” are the essence of ethnocentric attitudes. … The idea that happiness is in some sense the supreme value and/or proper aim of human societies, and of human individuality, and that all other values flow from that should not be considered as absolute. … Since ancient times, Chinese literature has abounded in tales of wonder and fantasy — tales of ghosts and spirits, miraculous transformations, and every variety of strange and wondrous event.